Normally, chargers available in the market do not have any sort of control except for a rotary switch that can select different tappings on a rheostat, to vary the charging current. This type of control is not adequate because of the irregular fluctuations in the mains supply, rendering the control ineffective.
A simple circuit intended for automatic charging of lead-acid batteries is presented here. It is flexible enough to be used for large-capacity inverter batteries. Only the rating of transformer and power transistor needs to be increased.
The circuit has been basically designed for a car battery(about 40Ah rating ),which could be used for lighting two 40W tubelights. The circuit includes Schmitt trigger relay driver, float charger, and battery voltage monitor sections.
The Schmitt trigger is incorporated to avoid relay chattering. It is designed for a window of about 1V. During charging, when the battery voltage increases beyond 13.64V, the relay cuts off and the float charging section continues to work.
When battery voltage goes below 11.66V, the relay is turned on and direct (fast) charging of the battery takes place at around 3A.
In the Schmitt trigger circuit, resistors R1 and R2 are used as a simple voltage divider (divide-by-2) to provide battery voltage sample to the inverting input terminal of IC1. The non-inverting input terminal of IC1 is used for reference input derived from the output of IC2 (7806), using the potentiometer arrangement of resistors R3 (18 kiloohm) and R4 (1 kilo-ohm).
LED1 is connected across relay to indicate fast charging mode. Diodes D3 and D6 in the common leads of IC2 and IC3 respectively provide added protection to the regulators.
The float charging section, comprising regulator 7812, transistors T3 and T4, and few other discrete components, becomes active when the battery voltage goes above 13.64V (such that the relay RL1 is de energised). In the energised state of the relay, the emitter and collector of transistor T4 remain shorted, and hence the float charger is ineffective and direct charging of battery takes place.
The reference terminal of regulator (IC3) is kept at 3.9V using LED2, LED3, and diode D6 in the common lead of IC3 to obtain the required regulated output (15.9V), in excess of its rated output, which is needed for proper operation of the circuit.
This output voltage is fed to the base of transistor T3 (BC548), which along with transistor T4 (2N3055) forms a Darlington pair. You get 14.5V output at the emitter of transistor T4, but because of a drop in diode D7 you effectively get 13.8V at the positive terminal of the battery.
When Schmitt trigger switches ‘on’ relay RL1, charging is at high current rate (boost mode). The fast charging path, starting from transformer X2, comprises diode D5, N/O contacts of relay RL1, and diode D7.
The circuit built around IC4 and IC5 is the voltage monitoring section that provides visual display of battery voltage level in bar graph like fashion. Regulator 7805 is used for generating reference voltage. Preset VR1 (20 kiloohm) can be used to adjust voltage levels as indicated in the circuit.
Here also a potmeter arrangement using resistors R7, R8, and R9 is used as ‘divide by 3’ circuit to sample the battery voltage. When voltage is below 10V, the buzzer sounds to indicate that the safe discharge limit has been exceeded.
However, in light of the reaction from disgruntled gamers, these features have been scrapped, pulling the Xbox One out of its initial positivity drought.
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