AUTOMATIC WATER PUMP CONTROLLER CIRCUIT ELECTRONIC PROJECTS

This is a simple schematic diagram of automatic water pump controller.

The circuit of a water pump controller, as shown in the diagrag, comprises three npn transistors, all connected as emitter followers to present high input and low output impedance. Gate N1 of the quad NAND gate iC is connected as an inverter, while two other NAND gates N2 and N4 form a set-reset flip-flop controlled by outputs of NAND gate N1 and pole voltage of relay Rl2.

The tank has a reference probe C, which is directly connected to 12V supply, while probe a represents the lower limit of liquid (any conductive liquid including normal drinking water) level. if liquid level falls below this level the pump motor must start and remain on until the liquid touches the upper probe B.

When the liquid level falls below probe a level, transistor T1 is cut off and hence pin 13 of gate N4 (via N/C contact of relay Rl2) is at ground level. The output pin 11 of gate a therefore goes high.

Transistor T3 conducts to energise relay Rl1 and the pump motor is switched on through its contacts. Once water touches probe A (but not the upper limit probe B), relay RL2 energises because of forward biasing of transistor T1, whereby pin 13 of gate N4 goes high.

But its other input pin 12 is low as transistor T2 is not conducting. hence input to gate N1 is low and the logic output of gate N2 is low.

PartS LiSt
IC1 - CD4011 - quad 2-input NAND gate
T1- T3 - BC547 - npn transistor
D1, D2 - 1N4001 - rectifier diode
R1, R2, R6 - 1-kilo-ohm - resistor, 0.25W
R3, R5 - 47-kilo-ohm - resistor, 0.25W
R4 - 10-kilo-ohm - resistor, 0.25W
Rl1, Rl2 - 12V, 1 C/O - relay with 1a contact rating
- probes - 3 metal probes on insulating rod
- 12 V battery

WHAT IS A BREADBOARD (ELECTRONICS) BASIC INFORMATION AND TUTORIALS

Breadboard

A breadboard is used for making solderless temporary connections using leads, which are pushed into the holes in the board to make connections.

This is basically a way of wiring a circuit temporarily, for testing purposes or to try out an idea. Since no soldering is done, all the components can be reused afterwards. it is easy to change connections and replace components.

Below is the external appearance of a breadboard. it has two rows of supply/ground channels on the
top and bottom, separated by two 5-hole vertical channel rows.

The conductor channels embedded under the holes if you rip open the breadboard from the bottom, you can easily see these conducting channels. all adjacent holes are separated by 2.54 mm (0.1 inch), enabling direct insertion of most iCs that have identical pin-to-pin spacing.

Normally, two sections of the breadboard are integrated into a single unit and are sold as a single breadboard.